The sudden arrival of the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus showed the most visible face of Latin American societies, so marked by their ancestral rejection of the economic and commercial development models imposed by neoliberalism, and so historically aggrieved by local governments that have failed to respond to their legitimate aspirations for equality, inclusion and human development. In this contextual framework, education is subject to new contradictions, categorically exposed when it is demanded to maintain its status quo, without considering the precarious conditions of infrastructure and technological equipment with which the academic dynamics were developed at all educational levels. On this argumentative basis, an analysis is presented on the response of governments to the health contingency, particularly in their educational strategies, centered on the massive use of information and communication technologies, and three categories of analysis are considered: the institutional educational response to the pandemic, the role of teachers in the State s response to the crisis and the social perception of the implementation of educational strategies designed by governments; all of the above framed in the Latin American context.

La obra que es objeto de esta reseña tiene como autor a Elías Amor Bravo. De su brillante trayectoria biográfica cabe destacar su Licenciatura en Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales en la Universidad de Valencia y su Máster en Gestión Pública Directiva en el Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública, ambas en España. Además, desde 1994 es académico de la ESIC Business & Marketing School (sede de Valencia), y desde 2013 es presidente de la Asociación Española para el Fomento de las Políticas Activas de Empleo y las Cualificaciones, AFEMCUAL. Asimismo, ha desempeñado distintos cargos relevantes en el sector público. El libro integra un total de catorce apartados, los cuales se esbozan a continuación.

En Fragmentar el Futuro, el filósofo de la tecnología chino Yuk Hui recoge algunos de sus ensayos y conferencias donde plantea sus conceptos de cosmotécnica y tecnodiversidad, a través de los cuales intenta superar la cuestión de la tecnología planteada por Martin Heidegger en La pregunta por la técnica. Hui ve que la tecnología moderna sigue el mismo curso del Gestell heideggeriano, en tanto un encuadre de modos de pensar y relacionarnos que imposibilitan el verdadero desocultamiento del ser. Hui considera que la única manera de re-enmarcar el Gestell es mediante el reconocimiento y fomento de las diversidades tecnológicas que logren unir las dimensiones del cosmos con la moral práctica, lo cual tiene la capacidad de desembocar en una nueva forma de cosmopolitismo localizado, concreto más que abstracto, y donde las máquinas cobran una agencia simbiótica en esta nueva ecología.

The objective of the article is to analyze the impulse to the appropriation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) at the organization level through the application of the public policy called Program for the Development of the Software Industry and Innovation (Prosoft, by its acronym in Spanish) that It was created in Mexico since 2004. The methodology is an exploratorydescriptive analysis supported by secondary information, based on some available results of the program and the certifications of the beneficiaries, in addition to basing it on a theoretical-conceptual framework on the economy of innovation. The results indicate that Prosoft, as a public policy, has managed to promote innovation activities in the ICT sector in Mexico, which has favored the processes of technological appropriation in both the public and private sectors, which is based on learning activities and construction of technological capabilities.

The objective of the article is to analyze the impulse to the appropriation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) at the organization level through the application of the public policy called Program for the Development of the Software Industry and Innovation (Prosoft, by its acronym in Spanish) that It was created in Mexico since 2004. The methodology is an exploratorydescriptive analysis supported by secondary information, based on some available results of the program and the certifications of the beneficiaries, in addition to basing it on a theoretical-conceptual framework on the economy of innovation. The results indicate that Prosoft, as a public policy, has managed to promote innovation activities in the ICT sector in Mexico, which has favored the processes of technological appropriation in both the public and private sectors, which is based on learning activities and construction of technological capabilities.

Smart cities are increasingly necessary in todays society, however the social inclusion of the elderly within these seems a forgotten issue that needs to be considered for the construction of an inclusive society. The objective of this research is to explore the social inclusion of the elderly in smart cities, as well as their evolution, scientometric characteristics and trends by means of a bibliometric analysis. The work analyzes bibliometric metadata 244 Scopus documents, published from 2010 to 2020 using Software R, Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny. The conclusions indicate that a growing interest is maintained over time, and this is perceived mainly in conferences; in addition, thematic trends reveal elements such as the internet of things, design and implementation, and e commerce among others. Likewise, the emergence of the term inclusive smart city was evidenced, which considers the integration into society of vulnerable groups. It is expected that this work will serve as a reference for an inclusive design of smart cities.

The objective of this research is to discuss the psychometric elements of reliability and validity on a measurement model that determines the perception on information and communication technologies for knowledge management in organizations. The scale is based on 6 questions and 2 structured factors in a Likert type scale, with 5 answer options, it was applied to 337 small and medium companies with diverse specialties within the building field in the state of Campeche. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyze show an adequate fit and the reliability values are also satisfactory (?2 = 24.97, p = .002, SRMR = .01, AGFI = .93, TLI = .97, CFI =. 98, RMSEA .07 IC90 [.04-.11]; a = .88), thus confirming the empirical strength of the model. It is concluded that the scale is valid and reliable for use in the context studied.

The objective of the article is to analyze the impulse to the appropriation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) at the organization level through the application of the public policy called Program for the Development of the Software Industry and Innovation (Prosoft, by its acronym in Spanish) that It was created in Mexico since 2004. The methodology is an exploratorydescriptive analysis supported by secondary information, based on some available results of the program and the certifications of the beneficiaries, in addition to basing it on a theoretical-conceptual framework on the economy of innovation. The results indicate that Prosoft, as a public policy, has managed to promote innovation activities in the ICT sector in Mexico, which has favored the processes of technological appropriation in both the public and private sectors, which is based on learning activities and construction of technological capabilities.

Smart cities are increasingly necessary in todays society, however the social inclusion of the elderly within these seems a forgotten issue that needs to be considered for the construction of an inclusive society. The objective of this research is to explore the social inclusion of the elderly in smart cities, as well as their evolution, scientometric characteristics and trends by means of a bibliometric analysis. The work analyzes bibliometric metadata 244 Scopus documents, published from 2010 to 2020 using Software R, Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny. The conclusions indicate that a growing interest is maintained over time, and this is perceived mainly in conferences; in addition, thematic trends reveal elements such as the internet of things, design and implementation, and e commerce among others. Likewise, the emergence of the term inclusive smart city was evidenced, which considers the integration into society of vulnerable groups. It is expected that this work will serve as a reference for an inclusive design of smart cities.

This paper presents the results of research in the southern conurbation of Tamaulipas analyzing the types of internet browsing of some young Mexican students between the age of 15 and 29, to characterize the most significant variables in each type of navigation (such as sociodemographic and access), and contrast, in each one, digital skills, self-receptions and experiences of using technology that describe each profile. The methodology used is quantitative, using a principal component analysis (PCA) that identified five types of navigation. Subsequently, a regression analysis was applied to present the variables that characterize each type of user. In the results, five types of navigation were identified: information search, collaborative, entertainment, communicative-playful and socializing, where the condition of access continues to be a crucial aspect. Although no differences were identified based on the age, educational level, or occupation of the young people, a strong gender component prevails. This work invites reflection on the importance of exploring and recognizing that not all young people navigate in the same way, and not with the same intensity or skills to face the new capacities that society demands to be functional and competitive in digital environments.

The objective of this research is to discuss the psychometric elements of reliability and validity on a measurement model that determines the perception on information and communication technologies for knowledge management in organizations. The scale is based on 6 questions and 2 structured factors in a Likert type scale, with 5 answer options, it was applied to 337 small and medium companies with diverse specialties within the building field in the state of Campeche. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyze show an adequate fit and the reliability values are also satisfactory (?2 = 24.97, p = .002, SRMR = .01, AGFI = .93, TLI = .97, CFI =. 98, RMSEA .07 IC90 [.04-.11]; a = .88), thus confirming the empirical strength of the model. It is concluded that the scale is valid and reliable for use in the context studied.

This article analyzes the need for the State to make purchases with the help of electronic government, which is based on innovation and development policies, factors that would make it a smart consumer. This paper presents the evolution of purchasing models, from version 0.0 to version 4.0, as a reference framework to identify and self-determine the current state of any government entity in this area. Knowing the current point in which State purchases operate allows to devise and find improvements in the procurement models so that they are oriented and transform the requirements of the 4.0 procurement model, which enables progress towards the desired public procurement of innovation, with which would initiate a demand for products and services in an intelligent way.

The article analyzed the reassertion of hegemonic masculinity that videogames can favor in their videogamers. The study took Gear of War as a reference and its objective was to determine if gender stereotypes are diffused through the characters of this videogame and how this influenced the vision of hegemonic masculinity perceived by the gamers of this saga. For this purpose, a Likert instrument was used, which allowed access to the perception of gamers on key aspects in the reassertion of hegemonic masculinity included in the game, such as violent behavior, the use of offensive language, the importance of physique, among other. From the analysis it was established that, despite the fact that the protagonists are violent, chauvinists and hegemonic men, most of the participants did not perceive these traits as such in the characters. The conscious non-identification of this type of aspects reflects that there is a normalization of hegemonic discourse that favours its invisibility.

Based on the contributions of critical theory, the present text aims to expose in which ways the State intervenes in technological advancement within the capitalist system and the conditions in which it grants tools, both to ruling classes and to the dominated classes, to access, develop and implement technology. The argument that is upheld is that the state apparatus has to cover the necessary conditions so that knowledge in technological matters continues to be generated, but it is also essential that it provide the pertinent conditions so that the working class has the appropriate tools to be able to operate it.

The evolution of digital technologies and the rise of social media have opened space for the flowering of a new category of opinion leaders: digital influencers. Within this group, nano influencers are individuals who have up to ten thousand followers and their particularities distinguish them from other types. Therefore, this work sought to identify the reasons that lead consumers to follow and engage in profiles of digital nano influencers on Instagram. For that, a qualitative approach was used, making use of observational and documentary research, in addition to the application of in-depth interviews. The research locus was the Instagram profile @ritualdoskincare, where data such as number of followers were collected, and also, some behaviors related to consumer engagement were observed. Through this profile, respondents were pre-selected for the interviews. As a criterion for research validity, triangulation was chosen. The results showed that the main reasons for following digital influencers are: authenticity, identification with the nano influencer, identification with content and search for reviews, inspiration, accessibility. As an original finding, it was found that the search for local content and promotions can also lead consumers to follow nano influencers. The study also pointed out that this type of influencer has higher levels of engagement as they are more available for interactivity with their followers, who actively participate through likes, comments and sharing.

Based on the observation of the comments made to the official and personal accounts on Facebook and Twitter of the mayor of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico; an identification is made of the way in which the expression of the digital citizen identity takes place from four variables: support, opposition, demands and proposals. The most outstanding results obtained from a quantitative-descriptive perspective suggest that this identity manifests itself mainly from expressions of demand towards the solution of issues related to the services provided by the city council (security, public lighting, etc.), as a sign of citizen identity. In contrast, proposal-related entries are much less frequent. It is concluded that the participation manifested in the observed platforms reflects a relevant collective sense of identity that its more evident in terms of the immediate spatial contexts (such as the neighborhood or the neighborhood), than in relation to broader areas (such as the region), depending on the platforms observed.

Based on the observation of the comments made to the official and personal accounts on Facebook and Twitter of the mayor of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico; an identification is made of the way in which the expression of the digital citizen identity takes place from four variables: support, opposition, demands and proposals. The most outstanding results obtained from a quantitative-descriptive perspective suggest that this identity manifests itself mainly from expressions of demand towards the solution of issues related to the services provided by the city council (security, public lighting, etc.), as a sign of citizen identity. In contrast, proposal-related entries are much less frequent. It is concluded that the participation manifested in the observed platforms reflects a relevant collective sense of identity that its more evident in terms of the immediate spatial contexts (such as the neighborhood or the neighborhood), than in relation to broader areas (such as the region), depending on the platforms observed.

Based on the observation of the comments made to the official and personal accounts on Facebook and Twitter of the mayor of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico; an identification is made of the way in which the expression of the digital citizen identity takes place from four variables: support, opposition, demands and proposals. The most outstanding results obtained from a quantitative-descriptive perspective suggest that this identity manifests itself mainly from expressions of demand towards the solution of issues related to the services provided by the city council (security, public lighting, etc.), as a sign of citizen identity. In contrast, proposal-related entries are much less frequent. It is concluded that the participation manifested in the observed platforms reflects a relevant collective sense of identity that its more evident in terms of the immediate spatial contexts (such as the neighborhood or the neighborhood), than in relation to broader areas (such as the region), depending on the platforms observed.

In order to carry out a first approach to the dynamics of political mobilization associated with the arrival and consolidation of digital platforms in national contexts, this article seeks to characterize the field of protest against lean platforms, in terms of the repertoires, demands and modalities of collective action, this from the construction of a database for the case of Costa Rica under the methodology of Protest Event Analysis (PEA) and Political Claims Analysis (PCA). The results of the descriptive statistical analysis allow us to observe that the contentious dynamics has gone from being totally dominated by the traditional taxi driver sector, to showing the entry of new actors such as platform workers and some civil society groups that have come to complicate the panorama of action for the Costa Rican government in terms of regulation and, therefore, to incorporate new demands and decision arenas within the political-social field.

The measurement and analysis of the authority and influence exercised by a person in an organization or social network, be it formal or informal, has been the subject of numerous researches in several fields of science. At present, this phenomenon has taken on greater connotation due to its irruption in the digital space and the importance of having this knowledge for decision-making in spheres such as politics, education and the dissemination of information. In this research, an algorithm was developed for the measurement and analysis of the authority and influence of users in social and professional networks. The study had a mixed approach, with correlational scope and experimental design. A random sample n = 30 specialists was used, which was carried out between May 2019 and October 2020. It was based on the premise that, in order to carry out an adequate measurement and analysis of authority and influence, the structure of the graph must be considered that represents the social network and the interactions that occur between users. As a result, the Total Authority algorithm is developed, a computer tool for the generation of the graph and a case study, which evaluates its relevance, operation and applicability, which shows satisfactory results in its comparison with the HITS algorithm and a sociogram.

The development of smart cities has yielded into a desirable objective among many cities around the world. International indexes of smart cities focus on large urban cities without interest on intermediate cities of developing countries. This paper pretends to fill this gap by proposing a smart city index for the capital cities in Argentina, together with Buenos Aires City and Bahia Blanca. The index is compound of four dimensions: Environment, Governance, Society and ICT, and Mobility and Transport which are based on a set of indicators. Data emerges from official websites and national statistics. In the case of Bahia Blanca, a wider smart city index with subjective indicators from an online survey is built. Alternative versions of the index, weighted (according to the vision of citizens, enterprises and politicians) and non-weighted are provided. Results show that the cities of Bahia Blanca, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires and Cordoba are the third smartest cities in Argentina.

The maquiladora industry in Mexico especially in the north of the country represents an important source of employment and social security, therefore, this article addresses the question of what would happen if new technologies displaced workforce in this economical sector? The objective of this research is to determine the maturity level of Industry 4.0 in the electronic maquiladora of Mexicali, in Baja California and its possible repercussions on the employment for operators and engineers. To understand and know the nature of this phenomenon, a case study was carried out on five of the most important companies in the region, the methodology used was quantitative and qualitative. Three surveys were designed based on the research of the Sectorial Model Reference Industry 4.0 made by the Valencian Institute of Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and the European Regional Development Fund and were applied to engineers in the department of investigation and development, operators, and to a Human Resources worker. In this regard was designed an interview that was applied to a key expert that gave us the point of view about the actual status of the developing of the industry 4.0 in the city of Mexicali. The overall conclusion is that the state of advancement of Industry 4.0 in the electronic maquiladora in Mexicali has an intermediate digital maturity (level 2-3), that is, in many cases the technology is known and used, but only by specific processes. Regarding the digital skills of engineers, it was found that they are highly trained to face the challenges of the new digital era, while the operator positions report a level of digital competence between low and medium, which places this profile of worker in a vulnerable situation for keep their position.

The article aims to analyze the relationship between digital technologies and the risk associated with digital gaps in some mexican cities in the context of the new normal. It is based on the premise that Covid-19 has meant a profound social transformation that has implied a greater use of digital technologies, which can translate into greater technological inequalities. The methodology of this research is based on digital ethnography and hypothesizes that the processes of technological implementation were accelerated to try to contain the contagions, mainly through digitalization; however, this type of actions are limited by previous conditions of the characteristics of Mexican cities, which would imply a widening of their technological gaps, as opposed to what is considered a hybrid city model.

The study of environmental crisis that affects the world in contemporary times involves the analysis of different factors which contribute to a bigger problem. One of these factors is food loss and waste. This issue originates as well from different factors that can be approached from different strategies. This article analyses the use of smartphone apps as a tool to fight food loss and waste. Theoretical bases that support the use of these tools as a viable option to mitigate environmental problems and the different implications of food loss and waste. It is then analyzed the technical requirements of apps and considered their economic viability from the software developer and entrepreneur respectively. Finally, it is exemplified with a case study of a failed anti-food waste app launch in Guadalajara. Results show that these apps design is a development that requires of many resources compared to a slow return on investment that will hardly ensure the app sustainability. Potential reaches of the app are high, but hard to accomplish without a solid structure behind and, ideally, support from government or private institutions that are more interested in environmental impact than financial profit.

This article aims to analyze the development of the productive forces as a central element to understand the modifications generated in the social relations of production, as shown by the technological changes incorporated into the production process in the automotive and steel industries in Mexico. This work was based on the most recent technological revolutions and the productive reconfiguration that results from them. In a second moment, the impact of technological advances on the social relations of production upon the aforementioned industries was analyzed. Through the dialectical method, elements were proposed to suggest that the technological development achieved in these cases has led to a production process that functions as a global chain of social events, which generate social products, where the trend in innovation is to implement cooperative practices of international partnership.